Life circle theory of saving Free Essays

The existence Circle Theory of Saving educates about the modalities, rules, and methodologies in whichâ families, governments, foundations should spare, design and deal with their budgetary advantages for length and cut over as long as they can remember time. On account of a family or family unit, it places on how they ought to deal with their money related resources in a transferable way to cut across various occasions throughout their life hover, taking into comprehension the need to spare and accommodate retirements, just as their children’s instruction, purchase protection, among different necessities. Agreeing toâ â Zvi, B, Jonathan, T. We will compose a custom article test on Life hover hypothesis of sparing or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Wiillen P. (2004), this likewise identifies with an organizations appraisal regarding what to pick as the default resource distribution for an obligatory retirement sparing arrangement. This hypothesis offers different conversation starters to individuals and manages such key issues with regards to the amount of their earned salary they should put something aside for the future; how to contribute what they spare; the sort of hazard they should give insurance,â incase of any outcome; are they to purchase a house or lease one; is it better to get a fix rate home loan or can anticipate a flexible one. As Zvi B. (May 2007) watched, the hypothesis concerns families, however government strategy creators and firms that give life circle serves, and even instructor who help counselâ the general population to settle on educated decisions. LIFE CIRCLE THEORY AND AGGREGATE SAVING IN AN ECONOMY This idea of life circle hypothesis is helpful in understanding the total sparing in an economy. As per Hayashi, F. (2007), total sparing is determined as normal putting something aside for all age sections in the number of inhabitants in a specific country. This is required to be the equivalent or equivalent to the total reserve funds in the national record. In pragmatic terms, sparing is the distinction between discretionary cashflow and utilization. It in this way goes if family units can expand their total reserve funds they will be in a superior situation to spare and plan well for their life circle. Floden, M. (Date not accessible) characterizes total sparing in a general balance model in an economy, as a circumstance, â€Å"Where vastly lived families face unpredictable salary ways, holds a hazard free resource, and face a liquidity constraints†. In any economy, when singular salary, or hierarchical pay fluctuates, or contrasts, at that point the total harmony capital will be bigger than when it is consistent. He places further that when pay is stochastic, the harmony capital stock is consistently bigger than when it is steady. National reserve funds generally relies upon the pace of development and improvement of national salary. Be that as it may, the reason forever circle hypothesis isn't to give obvious answers, rather it is to give a structure for people, strategy creators and money related organizers to give answers for the inquiries acted like demonstrated previously. The tremendous variety in family pay and in the total reserve funds in the economy will decide how organizers (just as families) will tweak their encourage to suit whatever reason they need to serve. Meaning OF INCOME. The Wikipedia gave different meanings of pay, yet essentially, pay, characterized all in all terms, is the cash that is gotten because of ordinary business exercises of an individual; or cash got from work by method of work by method of pay, compensation, tips, just as benefits, profits from money related ventures, as premiums, capital increases, or different sources as in government disability or premiums. Pay likewise is the cash gotten from work, administrations rendered, offer of property or merchandise or from speculation made. There are various expound meanings of salary, however we will manage with the above definition with the end goal of this paper. Changeless INCOME AND LIFE CIRCLE MODELS. In the perspective on Roberts, S. (date not accessible), this is where individuals base their utilization on what they accept to be their customary pay. In this way, they attempt to keep up a genuinely consistent and stable way of life, despite the fact that their income may fluctuate either on month to month or yearly premise. This occurs such that their spending design are genuinely consistent independent of increments or diminishes in their earned salary. This speculation was created by Miltonâ Friedman in 1957. On the off chance that individuals see that an adjustment in salary is impermanent, their spending may not change, yet in the event that they watch it is lasting, it might shift marginally all things considered. DEMOCRAPHIC FUNDAMENTALS AND FLOW OF SAVING The segment basics as it identifies with stream of reserve funds in life circle hypothesis depends on the reason that youngsters acquire cash, they moderately aged class set aside their cash, while the elderly folks individuals (older) run down or spend their savings.â Consequently, a country with huge populace of middle age will have high investment funds, particularly as individuals plan to resign. Concerning the connection between the segment essentials and the security marker, when the investment funds gracefully is high because of the high populace of the middle age reserve funds, the cost of stocks and securities falls. Likewise, when the flexibly is low, yield similarly increments. Financing cost EFFECT ON SAVING AND LIFE CIRCLE MODEL. Normally, financing cost, which is the pace of the expense paid on obtained resource, would consistently conform to step up with speculation and investment funds. Increment in financing cost influences how much pay left for utilization. In the event that the financing cost is expanded it implies less cash for utilization and venture, while, it is improved there will be probability of slight increment or steady degree of utilization and speculation. It goes in this manner to state that an ascent in sparing would achieve a fall in loan cost, in this way reassuring venture. Hotel life circle hypothesis, the lower the loan fee, the more probable utilization will increment, just as venture. Both in people just as organizations. As indicated by a broad survey by Modigliani, FF Albert, A. (Walk 2005), in a world congress of the Economic Society in Barcelona in 1990. In attempting to affirm a far reaching and standard proof on sparing and development in a creating economy, he said that, â€Å"Both development and segment structures are amazing indicators of national sparing, with almost no job for the degree of national income†. Riches EFFECT ON LIFE CIRCLE MODEL The degree of riches in an economy bears a basic connection to the length of the retirement range, which is the middle age, the very class that sets aside cash the most. It is additionally consistent with state that the utilization of a family unit is likewise needy exclusively on the current estimation of their lifetime pay. For instance, if two financial specialists independently have a similar complete riches (fiscal riches) working life, and are similarly hopeful of certain wellsprings of pay in their staying working life, their utilization choices will be comparable or same, not disapproving of their pay profile. REEFERENCE 1. Albert, A. Modighiani, F, (March 2005). The Life Circle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implication and Tests. American Economic Review. 53 (1) 55-84. Angus Deaton. â€Å"Research Program in Development Studies and Center for Health and Wellbeing. Princeton University. www.princeton.edu/ 2. Floden, M.www.ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/hastef/0591.html 3. Hayashi, F. (2007) Understanding Savings: Evidence from the United States and Japan. Mama. MIT Press, 55 Haywad Press. Page 305. ISBN-10: 0-262-08255-1 4. Zvi, B. Jonathan T. Willen P. (2004). The Theory of Life-Circle Saving and Investment. Open Policy Discussion Paper. No. 07-3 5. Zvi B. (May 2007) 6. www.wikipedia.com 7.Robert S. Perpetual Income hypothesis,â distributed in www.wikipedia.org Instructions to refer to Life hover hypothesis of sparing, Essay models

A report on highest priority program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A report on most elevated need program - Essay Example Additionally, the Department of Defense feels that the State needs to bring back the unified powers so the expense of keeping up such a high level of consumption n the soldiers can be limited. Let us center around the consumption on the war on fear. The Department of Defense has spent an expected measure of 4 Trillion USD. This is the most noteworthy measure of cash spent by the Unites States of America upon a solitary motivation. The war on dread in Afghanistan and Iraq has cost us a great deal of cash and the aftereffects of the equivalent have not been any productive. Despite the fact that the organizations based out of USA have the opportunity and chance to fabricated enterprises in the territories which have been incurred by the war, the Department of Defense in interview with the Department of Commerce feels that the monetary spending has grown out of the salary got by the US based organizations from working together in the war delivered regions. The most noteworthy need for th e United States of America is to control the significant level of outer use of the state. The global obligation has expanded drastically in the previous 3 years and the Department of Commerce in conference with us have inferred that the war on fear has had sensational outcomes on the buying power equality of the Government. There are a large number of troops who have been arranged in Iraq and Afghanistan and it is basic that we should begin eliminating the flexibly of our soldiers in those nations. â€Å"The President burned through $850 billion on safeguard in his first year. This included $530.1 billion for the DoD base financial plan, and $152.7 billion to finance different offices, for example, Homeland Security and the Veterans Administration.† Understanding from the above perceptions, it is basic that the State is spending significantly more sum on outer security than it needs to. The State must perceive the way that the spending is leaving limits and it may get hard to think about it. We should be cautious with our cash and it is vital that we don't permit the spending to raise our monetary obligations. The Department of Defense has made this report in discussion and informs from the Department with respect to Commerce. Pushing ahead, the Department of Defense completely express that the States and the President should expel half of the soldiers from the war influenced territories by 2015. When the nation enters a safe financial zone period, it is basic that the soldiers are then taken back to the nation. We intend to set up in a framework where the inside soldiers of Iraq and Afghanistan will be prepared and furnished with ammo to counter any uprising. We will begin the preparation strategy by July 2014 and would like to achieve the preparation of in any event 100000 soldiers in those nations with the goal that we would then be able to begin to evacuate our soldiers bit by bit and spot their soldiers. This will likewise permit those countries to deal with any revolt or assaults and will make them independent. When we convey our soldiers from the war influenced regions, we will at that point make an arrangement of balanced governance which will ensure that the way toward supplanting our soldiers with their soldiers is consistent. By 2016 year's end we would like to have removed away all the associated powers from the war-ridden regions and lessen our use on war by 80%. This will give the economy the truly necessary stimulus as far as fiscal quality. The economy will be face

A Sensible Social Media Checklist for Businesses

A Sensible Social Media Checklist for Businesses We all know that social media plays a key role in the success of a business. With the growth of the internet, communication and social connections have moved online.From marketing to official press releases, no business can fail to use social media whenever there’s information to be shared.But this use can sometimes seem complicated. Many businesses struggle in running social media accounts as they attempt to catch up with their markets.If you are one of these, worry not.Yes there are numerous things you need to learn if you’re to take full advantage of social media. However, with a little direction on the basics, you can easily get started.Instead of trying to learn as much as possible, get started with the information provided in this article.We have broken down the essentials and communicated them in simple language. This will help you easily remember and implement them.Remember to add your comments below and share your experiences.1. Identify Your AudienceThe first thing youâ €™ll have to do in business is identify your target audience. This is a smaller group of people within your larger target market.Your target market is comparable to your industry. An industry is large but is specific in the things it deals with. Thus the hospitality market is different from the manufacturing market.Both these are industries and include many other smaller portions. Those smaller portions are called niche. So within a larger market, you will choose a niche and focus on it.Everything you do should be targeting your niche market. From participating in the current discussions to directing conversations, this group is what you will have to focus on. But before focusing on it, you have to first identify it.Put differently, you have to choose it.Choosing your audience can be a challenge if you’re not sure what business you want to do.But if sure, then this becomes easy. There are primarily two ways of going about this:1. Solving an existing problem â€" every business seek s to solve a problem and this is a sure way of having customers. People face many problems in their lives and they need solutions so as to have easier or better lives.If you can identify a problem and set out to solve it, then you’ll have customers. All those interested in the solution will automatically form your target audience.2. Giving what you have â€" sometimes, you don’t have to first identify a problem then proceed to solve it. You can start by just offering what you have then fine-tune it to suit the market you choose to target.For example, you may have good negotiation skills and love bringing people together. Seeking to benefit from the skills, you can decide to start a business in the market where you think you’ll enjoy yourself most.Maybe it’s the market of mergers and acquisitions.Whatever industry you decide to get into, your skills are what you’ll be offering as a product.As situations arise, you can then learn what to focus on and develop skills specific t o that area.2. Develop Your SolutionSince the basis for being in business is to solve problems, then that becomes step number two. And having identified your target, now you have to identify their problem(s).Problems are also known as pain points and it’s crucial that you get these right. If you don’t, you might end up with a solution that has no market since it doesn’t solve the real problem people have.Understanding your customers’ pain points needs an open mind. Do not embark on this process with a preconceived mind. This will prevent you from factoring in your customers’ experiences and stories.There are several ways of identifying your customers’ pain points:Questionnaires â€" these are a common way of collecting information. You can give them to your customers at the point of contact with your business. That can be your store or blog. You could also send them via email.One thing to keep in mind about questionnaires is that they should not be too long.The questions you ask should also be easy to understand. If people feel like they’re taking too much time answering questions, they can abandon the exercise.Interviews â€" you could also organize for interviews. And just as with questionnaires, keep them short. Remember that you want to get critical information about your customers. As such, you have to come up with the right questions for the interview.Surveys â€" these are easy to handle nowadays, especially online. These will however require a business blog so if you don’t have one, you’ll have to start there. You can still send these through email. One great service which can help you with this is Survey Monkey.Customer feedback â€" your customers are always talking. If you listen to them carefully, you’ll be able to get valuable insight about their opinion of your business. Decide to make collecting customer feedback a part of your company’s customer experience3. Identify your audience’s social media platformsSocial media is one of the most engaging mediums you have for relating and communicating with your customers.A lot of influence happens on social media and it’s social nature makes it easy to gain new customers and sustain old ones.It can however be a futile exercise if you work hard to gain a following but are on the wrong platform. To avoid that, you have to operate in the platforms where your audience is active on.Since there are many platforms and different markets and audiences, it’s upon you to find out where you need to be. In most cases, you’ll need to be on at least three platforms.Regardless of your target, customers usually operate in more than one platform.Let’s look at an example situation where you are targeting a specific generation with your product. We will look at the various platforms which different generations regularly use.Through this, you’ll see the importance of identifying the platform used by specific audiences.Baby BoomersBaby boomers is the name given to the gener ation of people born between 1946 and 1964.Given those years, as at 2019, the oldest baby boomer is 73 years old while the youngest is 55 years old.Some of the characteristics of baby boomers include:The were born during a time of economical prosperityMentally focusedDisciplinedThey have a strong work ethicThey value face-to-face interactionsThese characteristics explain many aspects of their lives. For example, their strong work ethic has made them valuable in the workforce.As they are currently retiring, many businesses are worried concerned. They can’t find younger people who are willing work as the boomers used to.Of course it’s not that younger employees can’t do the work well, it’s just that different backgrounds bring up people who think and operate differently.So, what social media platforms do baby boomers interact on?According to a survey by Statista, up to 70% of baby boomers use YouTube while 68% use Facebook.If you are then to target this audience, these two are the platforms to focus on. From the graph below, you can see the huge difference between the top two platforms and the third one.Other popular platforms like Twitter and Snapchat have a small membership of 17% and 9% respectively. Source: StatistaGeneration XThis generation is also referred to as Gen Xers. They were born between 1965 and 1980.Here are some of the characteristics of Gen Xers:They were born during a time of significant economic hardshipLost much wealth in the great recessionDo not like ads on social mediaDo not struggle to embrace digital mediaUse shopping lists and are likely to make informed choicesJust as with the boomers, these characteristics define their lives in many ways. And this can be seen in the social media platforms they regularly use. Source: Digital Marketing CommunityQuite similar to the stats on baby boomers, Facebook and YouTube are the most popular social media platforms for Gen Xers. However, if you look more carefully you’ll notice some differences. The figures are different when you look at usage numbers.For example, whereas 68% of boomers use Facebook per month (on average), for Gen Xers it’s 77%. Whereas 70% of boomers use YouTube, for Gen Xers, the number is 82%.Although other channels are less used by boomers, Gen Xers also frequently use WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Instagram.These numbers should guide you on where to focus your efforts. You can run more campaigns on one platform if you know that it will give you better results due to high usage.Generation Y (Millennials)This generation has been the subject of much public discussion. Millennials are the individuals who are most misunderstood. They were born between 1981 and 1996.Some of the things which have been said about them include that t hey are lazy and that they feel entitled. Of course, these statements come from people who have had an opportunity to interact with them.However, you have to understand that millennials are here being judged on the basis of the characteristics of boomers.Some of the characteristics of millennials include:They are multitaskersSocially connectedTech savvyThey value reviews and recommendations from their networksThey love experiencesThese characteristics define everything about their lives; from work relationships to romantic ones.But as others struggle to understand them, they understand themselves and desire to work with those who appreciate them.This is why there is a shift in the workplace culture in many organizations as businesses look to accommodate a young and rising workforce.For social connections, millennials have their own preferences. This is where you see big differences between them and baby boomers. Source: Digital Information WorldAs we have already seen, what you need to look at is not just the ranking of the social channels.You should consider the numbers representing the use of individual channels.A quick glance here will show you that the top 5 platforms are the same for both generations X and Y though the individual numbers are different.You will notice that Snapchat hasn’t ranked anywhere among Gen Xers while it has a following among millennials.Millennials also interact on Pinterest while Gen Xers don’t.As long as you do your research about your target audience, you’ll get the information you need to make the right decisions.Generation ZThis is the last generation that has been categorized. It consists of people born between 1997 to present. This categorization means that there might soon be another generation being named.Some of the distinguishing characteristics of Gen Z include:Work for money (don’t necessarily love their jobs)Look for instant gratificationAre competitiveDiversity is the normPrefer some independenceHere is some data about the platforms Generation Z interact through while on the internet.Source: Campaign MonitorIf you have seen little differences in the above three generations, then here is the big one.Although YouTube is still top, Facebook is nowhere to be seen. Despite being a small player in the lives of the above generations, Snapchat now takes a bigger share of the social media world.So far, you can see that the generation that is significantly different from the others is generation Z. This is because they have largely grown up using digital devices.These differences in social media channels show the importance of finding out where you need to be in order to reach your target.4. Create an online presenceHaving identified where to find your audience, you now need to set up accounts on those platforms.You will not be able to be social with your customers if you’re not interacting with them where they are.Creating a n online presence is not difficult, but it needs some knowledge and effort.Here are some of the things you must have or do in order to have a solid brand on social media.Build up your blog â€" social media is not all about Facebook, Instagram and the others. Social media starts at the blog level. A blog is the most basic place where conversations can take place.You’ll be posting your articles on your blog and having a conversation with the readers through their comments. As such, if you have one, you’re on the right path. If you don’t, it’s time you develop a blog.Have a logo â€" your logo is your identification badge. You need to have a blog for your business. Anywhere that logo is seen, it will be making your business visible. Ensure that your logo is memorable in color and design. A unique logo is easy to identify and remember. This helps remain in the minds of both your customers and prospects.Have a tagline â€" together with a logo, a tagline is necessary. A tagline goe s hand in hand with your logo. It is a short statement which describes your business.An example of a tagline is BMW’s “Sheer driving pleasure.” This short statement tells you that driving a BMW is sure to be a pleasurable experience.Use keywords â€" keywords contribute to major success in marketing. These are words which are being searched for by internet users looking up information on your market. Keywords will be part of the content you publish online and can even form hashtags on chat platforms.Connect with influencers â€" after doing all that you can do, you still need to get help from social media influencers. These must be people who already have a following and so they will act like contracted marketers.All they will do is positively mention or talk about your product/service to their followers.As their followers believe them and decide to engage your brand, you get the opportunity to retain them as customers. Ensure you have a loyalty program to help you retain custom ers.5. Content creationBeing online means you have to engage with people and the first way of doing that is by talking. You primarily talk by sharing information which is helpful to the people you want to reach.First, and certainly the best way, is to publish content on your blog then share portions of it and links on the chat platforms. Ultimately, you want your blog to rise in popularity so that internet searches can lead people to your blog.This has the effect of painting you as an authority in your industry thus helping build trust for your brand.There are a few things you need to consider and hopefully perfect so as to win the social media battle. And after winning it, sustain the victory.These include:Work on your headlines â€" the headlines of your blog articles are a big deal. You can’t expect to top the search results online if your headlines aren’t designed for it. If you’ve never known that headlines are crafted, this may surprise you. But if you do, then you know y ou have to keep working on them.Create evergreen content â€" in terms of relevance, we can broadly distinguish between two types of content. That which is connected to certain time-bound events and those which seem general though still targeted.An example of time-bound content is news analysis. Commenting on an event taking place on a certain day in your industry is also time-bound content.Evergreen content on the other hand is one whose relevance goes beyond the initial time it was published. Evergreen posts can be read now or even fifty years to come because they have content which will not change, at least not much.An example of evergreen content is an explanation of how tire pressure affects the stability and performance of a car. Such an article can be read by any driver many years to come and it will still be relevant to him.Conduct surveys â€" just because you identified your target market and audience, it doesn’t mean that you now have enough information about your custome rs. You will have to gather more information from time to time.As life changes, so do people and their preferences. To stay ahead of the competition, you need to change with your customers. Surveys help you know what they think and what kind of changes would serve their interests. Such knowledge will give you an advantage.Embrace guest blogging â€" guest blogging is whereby you write blog articles for other blogs. This will be blogs in your industry where you can showcase your expertise to a different audience.Writing for another blog increases your exposure, helping you build a bigger audience. You can also open up your blog for others to write. As long as the content is relevant, allow the bloggers to add more value to your blog as they also benefit from the extra publicity.Stay current â€" the best way to be sure that your communication with your customers is relevant is to stay updated. Be knowledgeable about what is happening in your industry.This will help you be able to advis e your customers accordingly. Even if posting content or commenting, your knowledge will help make your comment more beneficial to your readers.CONCLUSIONSocial media is not difficult to master. If you follow these simple tips and implement them for your business, you’ll be on your way to establishing yourself online. Just get started and growth will follow.

The Romantic Movement Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein

â€Å"Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me Man, did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me?† (Important Quotes Explained). With Frankenstein being written in the early 19th century, the Romantic movement, being as popular as ever, was clearly evident in Shelley’s writings. Shelley’s mom, an active feminist, died during childbirth, leaving Mary to grow up with a radical political philosopher and novelist, William Godwin, as her father. Victor Frankenstein, the main character, has a strong desire for the pursuit of knowledge, which he eventually learns is more harmful than helpful. The creature of the story, who remains nameless, is Victor’s creation who although is seen to be evil by others, actually has a pure heart. Robert Walton is the narrator of the book, telling Frankenstein’s story, who also shares his dangerous desire for knowledge. If Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel, Frankenstein, has survived for nearly 200 years, it ma y be due to the historical context of the romantic movement, the way that the story stems from the author’s own personal life, and the characters who portray the idea that knowledge may be treacherous. Frankenstein was written in the 19th century, a time for new creative ideas. During this century, the Romantic movement become very prominent. This romantic period was a time of artistic, literary, and intellectual growth (Romanticism). It was a period of enlightenment and a time of questioning the world. Part of this movement was based offShow MoreRelatedThe Romantic Movement Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1909 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein: Romanticism The novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, demonstrates many different romantic ideals such as, the adoration of nature, extreme location, nationalism and exaggeration of emotions. 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They believed that the individual was the most important part of society. Romantics rejected the Scientific and Industrial Revolution. They believed that cities prevented individuals from discovering the sublime. Mary Shelley’s Romantic and Gothic novel, Frankenstein, opens with a series ofRead MoreGothic Literature : A Dark Atmosphere967 Words   |  4 PagesCarleen Martinez Mrs. Schroder English IV Honors 8 December 2016 Gothic Literature Gothic literature has been popular since the 19th century and has given readers the opportunity to look at romantic movement that focuses on a darker horror like imagination. Some of these involve a combination of extreme landscapes, icy wastes, and extreme weather, horrifying events or the threat of such happenings, as well as supernatural manifestations, and presenting evil. 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Essay on Revolution in Scientific Affairs - 977 Words

Europe changed dramatically in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. In many ways, this change was a result of changes in intellectual’s approach to natural history, or science. This revolution in scientific affairs, sparked by thinkers like Bacon, Newton, and Descartes, resulted in a significant upheaval in the arts and literature of Europe. Research into this spread of scientific thinking, which would eventually come to influence ideas about such wildly disparate fields of human endeavor as physics, religion, and governmental theory, shows that Francis Bacon played a major role in encouraging the growth of the Scientific Revolution. Writing in the early part of the 17th century, Bacon painted a tempting picture of a world†¦show more content†¦This eventually led to the idea that the universe was similar to a mechanical device which had been put in motion by God or a similar â€Å"First Cause,† who no longer took action in the universe. This idea, cal led Deism, would play a major role in the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Diderot. However, it was a Frenchman who felt he had proven God’s existence who would provide the philosophical framework for the Enlightenment’s questioning of religion and tradition. Renà © Descartes took Bacon’s ideas of scientific inquiry and used them not only to learn new information about the physical world and hard sciences, but also used them to try and make conclusions about the questions that had long dogged humanity, such as questions about the existence of God. However, in the end, by applying this philosophy of doubt to all fields of human endeavor, Descartes inspired later thinkers to apply even more penetrating and meaningful questions to these same fields of thought, particularly in philosophy and religion, but also in fields such as history and the other soft sciences. 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Research on Consumer Behavior Free Essays

string(40) " been enjoyed by Malaysians ever since\." CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 0 THE INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY The topic of the research is ‘Customer Loyalty towards Fast Food Industry’. The introduction will discuss the background of study that is planned by researcher. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now This includes problem statement, objective of study, research question, research hypothesis, the theoretical framework and also scope of the study. This proposal consist the introduction part, the literature review and research methodology. Each of these chapters is explained in detail with the sub topic that discusses the essential procedures and steps in completing this study. Customers are the purpose of what marketers. We very much depend on them. That is the main reason why organizations today are focusing on customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is actually the result of an organization creating a benefit for a customer so that they will maintain or increase their purchase from the organization. Loyalty has become important over the past few years because of increased competition within respective industries. To be successful, organization must look into the needs and wants of their customers. That is the reason why many researchers and academicians have continuously emphasizes on the importance of customer loyalty and retention. Building customer loyalty towards fast food industry or other business of four factors that is product quality, the important of relation between people that involve in management of the store and lastly are brand image of the product itself. (Kumar, Batista and Maull, 2011) 2. 1 BACKGROUND OF FASTFOOD INDUSTRY Fast food restaurants or outlets today are either kiosks or elaborate quick service restaurants. The franchise operations have generated restaurant chains that offer standardized meals across the globe. On account of a low capital requirement and popularity of fast food, fast food restaurants and drive-through outlets are common throughout the world. Also known as sit-ins and upscale kiosks, these restaurants cater to the dry food demands of the younger generation, extremely tight adult work schedule and distinct ambiance preferences across the globe. An overview of the fast food industry highlights the availability of meals that suffice the need to eat amidst tight work schedule. This has offered great respite to parents who shuttle between work and home for major part of the day. Delicacies like fish and fries, vegetarian and non-vegetarian burgers and pizzas are washed down with great relish, with ales and aerated drinks served complimentary at many of these fast food restaurants. Though accompaniments like coleslaw, baked potatoes and mushy peas satisfy the established and widely accepted compulsion for vegetable-intake, the fried foods are becoming addictive, depriving the modern child of a balanced diet. There is no dearth with regards to the variety available at these outlets. Fast food franchise chains such as Subway, Burger King, McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut cater to demands for seafood, lean meat, special diet meal components, and other considerable regional variations. Snacks such as sandwiches and baguettes are the result of experiments within the fast food industry. Most clientele indulge in the semi-dry and dry meals, to avoid interruption while working or to fulfill a family commitment that otherwise requires a considerable amount of time to be spent in the kitchen . 1. 1Fast food industry in Malaysia In recent years, the major food consumption trend in urban parts of developing countries is that more consumers are eating increasingly more meals outside of their homes and most of growth in away from home eating has been in the fast food sector (Kaynak et al, 2006). The interest shown at the national and international levels concerning the fast food is derived from the scarcity of time in the competitive, dynamic and urban fast life (Platania and Donatella, 2003). According to Arkins and Bowler (2001), emphasis is increasingly being placed in quick meals solution due to the busier consumer life style and dual working families with children. Consumer lead increasingly busy life meaning that the time available to cook meal is being squeezed between works and leisure commitment. Cooking for many has ceased to be a leisure activity and instead is a core. Consequently, this has placed more emphasis on fast food items. Fast food is rapidly growing industry in the world as well as in Malaysia, especially in the urban areas. Moreover, the food diversity in Malaysia is an implicit characteristic of the diversified culture of the country amongst the different region within the state. 1. 1. 2Background of KFC KFC, founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952. KFC is present in 110 countries and territories around the world. It has in excess of 5,200 outlets in the United States and more than 15,000 units in other parts of the world. KFC prides itself as a fast-food restaurant that give customers great tasting chicken with a selection of home-styled side dishes and desserts to make a wholesome, complete and satisfying meal. Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) was the world’s largest chicken restaurant chain and third largest fast-food chain in 2000. KFC had a 55 percent share of the U. S. chicken restaurant market in terms of sales and operated more than 10,800 restaurants in 85 countries. KFC was one of the first fast-food chains to go international in the late 1950s and was one of the world’s most recognizable brands. KFC’s early international strategy was to grow its company and franchise restaurant base throughout the world. By early 2000, however, KFC had refocused its international strategy on several high-growth markets, including Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, China, Korea, Thailand, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. 1. 1. 3Background of KFC in Malaysia The first KFC restaurant in Malaysia was opened in 1973 on JalanTunku Abdul Rahman. Today there are more than 390 KFC Restaurants nationwide and still counting. Great tasting chicken has become synonymous with KFC; and has been enjoyed by Malaysians ever since. You read "Research on Consumer Behavior" in category "Essay examples" In fact, KFC Malaysia has developed a distinctive Malaysian personality of its own. The reason KFC is run by Malaysians and managed by Malaysians; they took it upon themselves to create a selection of food that would make Malaysia proud on the international scene. 1. 2PROBLEM STATEMENT Nowadays, it would be challenging to retain customers and maintaining customers as loyal customer. It would give paramount of challenges to researcher to ensure customers are loyal to them. This is because customer nowadays are have knowledge to choose the best for them and what will make customer become a loyal customer to certain product. It is important for researcher to know how attract customer to become loyal customer. Customer tends to change product if the product can’t give them satisfaction. The right foundation for maintaining a long-standing relationship with customers will increase the chance to the customer loyalty. In this recent economy, put strong pressure on customer loyalty. According to Leon. G Shiffman (2010), company might have big disadvantage when not having loyal customer, because need more marketing efforts aimed at attracting new customers are expensive; indeed, in saturated markets, it may be impossible to find new customers. For example, not popular bookstore might find problem in having new customer because it will cost them a lot. Generally, customer because loyal to companies when they’re reach higher level of satisfaction in their selves after using products or services that offered to them. It is because reach customer has different level of satisfaction that will bring them to become loyal to companies and the unique relationship between customer and company may be a viable contact point for firms to build loyalty. 1. 3THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CUSTOMER LOYALTY | PRICE| SERVICE| PRODUCT| BRAND IMAGE| 1. 4PURPOSE OF STUDY 1. 4. 1 To determine whether price affect customers loyalty 1. 4. 2To examine relationship between service to customer loyalty 1. 4. 3 To measure whether brand image are important in customer loyalty 1. 4. 4 To investigate the product role in the customer loyalty 1. 5RESEARCH QUESTION 1. 5. 1Does price contribute to customer loyalty? 1. 5. 2Does service give impact to customer loyalty? 1. 5. 3Does brand image influencing customer loyalty? 1. 5. Does product affecting the customer loyalty? 1. 6HYPOTHESIS 1. 6. 1Hypothesis 1 Ho: Price does not contribute to the customer loyalty H1: Price does give high contribute to customer loyalty 1. 6. 2Hypothesis 2 Ho: Service not gives impact to customer loyalty H1: Service gives impact to customer loyalty 1. 6. 3Hypothesis 3 Ho: Brand image does not influencing the customer loyalty H1: Brand image is a big influencer the customer loyalty 1. 6. 4Hypothesis 4 Ho: Product does not affecting customer loyalty H1: Product gives effect to the customer loyalty . 7SIGNIFICANT TO STUDY Businessman One of the alternatives to the businessman to find a way to improve the response from the customers. Besides that, they also will know the weaknesses from all aspects such as services, preparation of the menu, personnel, and others. By knowing all this weaknesses, the management can find the best way to overcome these weaknesses as well as can enhance the image of KFC. Researcher This study also important to the researcher in getting more information besides can gain more knowledge from the study that has done. These findings can be made as references to the people that responsible in promoting this fast food restaurant as well as can improve the economy of the country. Customers Findings from the study that has done can give opportunity to the customers in expressing their satisfaction to the service that was provided by this fast food restaurant. 1. 8LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Time constraints Researchers really affected with the time period to finish this study because researcher need some time to get accurate info and study the info. However, researcher able to produce this research report with guidelines. Budget Researcher also facing budget constraint because researcher only student and yet not gain sufficient money pocket. Respondents Researcher focus to distributed question at UiTM Kota Bharu because researcher not able to distribute at other site. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on issues related to the customer loyalty in the fast food industry. The literature review in this chapter will present understanding of factors influencing the customer loyalty in the fast food industry. Customer loyalty can be defines as â€Å"customer behavior characterized by a positive buying pattern during an extended period (measured by means of repeat purchase, frequency of purchase, wallet share or other indicators) and driven by a positive attitude towards the company and its products or services† (Looy, Gemmel Dierdonck, 2003). Dimitriades (2006), define a loyal customer as one who holds a favorable attitude toward the service provider, recommends the service provider to other consumer and exhibits repurchase behavior. In fact that loyal customers buy more products, loyal customers are less price sensitive and pay less attention to competitors’ advertising, servicing loyal customers is cheaper and last is loyal customer will spread positive word of mouth and refer other customers. Loyalty and experience gained over the relationship are positively related (Wang, Liang and Wu, 2006) Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of all the values that customers give up in order to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service. The firm can choose between two broad strategies, market-skimming pricing and market-penetration pricing. Market-skimming pricing is setting a high price for a new product to skim maximum revenues layer by layer from the segments willing to pay the high price, the company makes fewer but profitable sales. Market-penetration pricing is setting a low price for a new product in order to attract a large number of buyers and a large market share. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong). There are several measurement variables to qualify a person’s product-price knowledge. Price mechanisms, price consciousness, the use of a shopping list, and shopping frequency, as determinants of the accuracy and size of, and confidence in, one’s product-price knowledge, even though the impact structure is not uniform. There are some indications that formerly encountered price stimuli represent a relatively obsolete part of a consumer’s product-price knowledge. (Hans Pechtl). Product is the key element in the overall market offering. According to Clayton Brown, Contributor, the product definition should be dynamic and reflect the needs of the company and the customer. A product definition at least includes the elements of product positioning, product differentiation and product life cycle. (Brown, C. (2012). Product also can be defined as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong). Brand image can be defined as â€Å"set of perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consumers’ memory† (Philip Kotler, 2006). Jeffrey E. Danes and Jeffrey S. Hess and York (2010) most agree that brand image is a mental constructs that customers form based on their connections and associations with the brand. Services are form of product that consists of activities, benefits, or satisfactions offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong). CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 0INTRODUCTION Research methodology includes all the data and analysis phases for the research paper. It includes the data collection method from primary data like questionnaire and the secondary data which is from internet or website. On the other hand, the other data collection methods are from observation and sampling. In order to analyze the data, the methods are frequency analysis, reliability test, regression analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN Methodology can be defined as an approach used in the research process to assess the data. Methods are also such things as study design, population and sample, the study procedures and analysis methods data. Its aims to ensure data collection methods used in research studies is compatible with the objectives of the research objectives to be achieved. According to Malhotra (2007) research design is a frame work or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure or solve marketing research problem. The researcher is the type of conclusive research that has as its major objective the description of something, usually the market characteristics or functions. 3. 2DATA COLLECTING METHOD Collection is the process of gathering, assembling and accumulation of information. There are two methods of data collection generating has been implemented, that is the primary data and secondary data. For the purpose of this study, the researcher will gather the data from both primary and secondary data to complete this study. 3. 2. 1Primary Data The primary data sources are from the distribution of questionnaire. Researcher will build a set questionnaire that is related to the study and distribute to the respondent a) Questionnaire Researcher will use questionnaire method in order to gather the information. The questions contain the independent variables and dependent variable. A set questionnaire will be distributed to the respondent which is the customer of KFC KBMall. The respondent consists of 50 customers. There are three sections in the questionnaire, which include personal detail of respondent. Section B will be including the question about independent variables that are, price, product, service and brand image. The last section is regarding the dependent variable which is customer loyalty. i. Nominal Question The questionnaire is based on the independent variable that researcher found through literature review and other information. In section A, the respondents need to answer nominal question. The respondents need to choose only one answer because in section A is about respondents’ profile such as gender, marital status or age. i. Likert Scale Question Other than that, researcher use Likert Scale in the section B and C where the respondents need to circle the answer which include the degree acceptance with factors that lead to customer loyalty. 3. 2. 2Secondary Data In this research, the data of secondary sources were obtained from both internal and external secondary data s uch as books, company’s reports, journals and also through selected websites. 3. 3SAMPLING METHOD 3. 3. 1Collecting the Sample of Respondents For this study, the researcher has selected 50 respondents who come to KFC KBMall by using the simple random method. 3. 4METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS In conducting the research, after respondents were determined, the researcher has analyzed the data using the Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. 0. SPSS is also used to identify the relationship between two or more variables. Meaning that, it involves the process of hypothesis testing. By using the SPSS, ordinary simple linear regression model and multiple regression model analysis are selected in order to analyze and the test hypothesis. This technique is commonly used in business and economics for estimating the relationship between two or more values of dependent and independent variable. CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS 4. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter will discuss the results and findings of this study by using frequency distribution, reliability, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Before the analyses were thoroughly done, all data were edited and passes through the reliability analysis. At the end of the chapter, discussions about decision on hypothesis were reported. 4. 1 FREQUENCIES In the Section A, demographic session in questionnaire, the data will be calculated in the frequency distribution. 4. 1. 1Frequency Distribution Analysis by Gender Responds to Gender| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Male| 14| 28. 0| 28. 0| 28. 0| | Female| 36| 72. 0| 72. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1 : Table of frequency analysis gender Figure 4. 1: Pie chart of frequency by gender Based on the table above, shows that 50 respondents that give feedback through questionnaire, there are 35 were female and the remaining 14 were male. From the frequency analysis result, the majority of respondent who dealing with KFC KB Mall were female rather than male. 4. 1. 2Frequency Analysis by Age Responds to Age| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 18-24 years| 22| 44. 0| 44. 0| 44. 0| | 25-29 years| 5| 10. 0| 10. 0| 54. 0| | 30-35 years| 8| 16. 0| 16. 0| 70. 0| | 36-41 years| 4| 8. 0| 8. 0| 78. 0| | 42 years and above| 11| 22. 0| 22. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 2: Frequency analysis by age Figure 4. 2: Bar chart of frequency analysis by age Meanwhile, the result of the frequency analysis of 18 – 24 years is 44. 0% or 22 respondents. Furthermore, about 5 respondents are 25 – 25 years and the percentage of it is 10. 0%. For 30 – 35 years old respondents are about 8 respondents which are about 16. % And for 36 – 41 years old, by which the lowest frequency analysis of age used KFC services at KB Mall, about 4 respondents of it is 8%. The second higher percentage followed by respondent’s age 42 years and above or about 11 respondents which are about 22%. 4. 1. 3Frequency Analysis by Race Responds to Race| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Malay| 40| 80. 0| 80. 0| 80. 0| | Chinese| 9| 18. 0| 18. 0| 98. 0| | Indian| 1| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 3: Frequency analysis by race Figure 4. 3 : Pie chart of frequency analysis by race The result from Figure 4. 3 shows the customers of KFC KB Mall is multiple races, which the rrespondents were Malay, Chinese, Indian and others. Malay’s respondents are the biggest percentage among the others which take 40 respondents or 80. 0%. Therefore, most of KFC KB Mall customer is Malay meanwhile Chinese respondent is the highest, which takes 10 of respondents or 20. 0%. Indian show the respondent is only 1 respondent or 2. 0% that used KFC KB Mall. 4. 1. 4Frequency Analysis by Marital Status Responds to Status| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Single| 27| 54. 0| 54. | 54. 0| | Married| 23| 46. 0| 46. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 4 : Frequency analysis by marital status Figure 4. 4 : Pie chart of frequency analysis by marital status Table 4. 4 shows frequency analysis of marital status for 50 respondents. From 50 respondents, there are 27 of respondents or 54. 0% were single and about 23 of respondents or 46. 0% are married. Therefore, the researcher concluded that the customer of KFC KB Mall is single person because have higher percentage in the frequency distribution analysis. 4. 1. 5Frequency analysis by Education Level Responds to Education| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| SPM/SPV/MCE| 5| 10. 0| 10. 0| 10. 0| | Diploma/STP/STPM/HSE| 4| 8. 0| 8. 0| 18. 0| | Bachelor Degree| 37| 74. 0| 74. 0| 92. 0| | Master Degree and above| 4| 8. 0| 8. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 5 : Frequency analysis by education level Figure 4. 5 : Pie chart of frequency analysis by education level Table 4. 5 indicates that most of customer is at Bachelor Degree of education, which’s covered 37 respondents or 74. 0% of respondents. It is followed by customer from SPM/SPVM/MCE level with 5 respondents or 10. 0% respondents. On the other hand, there are about 4 respondents or 8. 0% respondents who are having the qualification of from Diploma/STP/STPM/HSE and 4 other respondents from Master Degree and above Responds to Income| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Below RM1,000| 17| 34. 0| 34. 0| 34. 0| | RM 1,000 – RM 1,499| 6| 12. 0| 12. 0| 46. 0| | RM 1,500 – RM 1,999| 5| 10. 0| 10. 0| 56. 0| | RM 2,000 – RM 2,499| 1| 2. 0| 2. 0| 58. 0| | RM 2,500 – RM 2,999| 4| 8. 0| 8. 0| 66. 0| | RM 3,000 and above| 17| 34. 0| 34. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 6 : Frequency analysis by income level Figure 4. 6 : Bar chart of frequency analysis by income level Table 4. 6 indicates that 34% of the respondents have the personal income ranging below RM1,000. While, the next 34% of respondents have an income from RM3,000 and above. There are 12% of respondents have income ranging from RM1,000 to RM1,499, 10% of respondents have income from RM1,500 to RM1,999, 8% respondents from RM2,500 to RM2,999 and the last is 2% of the respondents’ income level is RM2,000 to RM2,499. 4. 1. 7Frequency Analysis by Occupation Responds to Occupation| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Government| 22| 44. | 44. 0| 44. 0| | Private| 3| 6. 0| 6. 0| 50. 0| | Business| 2| 4. 0| 4. 0| 54. 0| | Retired| 1| 2. 0| 2. 0| 56. 0| | Housewives| 1| 2. 0| 2. 0| 58. 0| | Student| 21| 42. 0| 42. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 7 : Frequency analysis by occupation Figure 4. 7: Pie chart of frequency analysis by occupation Table 4. 7 indicates that most of respo ndents are working at a government sector with 44% or 22 respondents. It is follow by respondents who are students with 42% or 21 respondents. And for private sector, it contribute respondents at 6% or 3 respondents, follow by 4% from business. Lastly is follow by retired and housewives which are each of them with 2% each. 4. 1. 8Frequency Analysis by frequency goes to KFC KB Mall per month Responds to Frequency| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Once per month| 26| 52. 0| 52. 0| 52. 0| | Two times per month| 8| 16. 0| 16. 0| 68. 0| | Three times per month| 10| 20. 0| 20. 0| 88. 0| | Four times per month| 3| 6. 0| 6. 0| 94. 0| | Five times per month| 1| 2. 0| 2. 0| 96. 0| | More than above| 2| 4. 0| 4. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 8 : Frequency Analysis by frequency goes to KFC KBMall per month Figure 4. : Pie chart of Frequency Analysis by frequency goes to KFC KBMall per month Table 4. 8 shows that respondents who goes once per month to KFC KB Mall is the highest contribution to respondents which covered 52% or 26 of respondents. It is followed by three times per month which covered 20% or 10 of respondents. In the other hand, there are about 16% or 8 of respondents wh o goes to KFC KB Mall two times per month. Next is followed with more than above which 4% or 2 of respondents and the last is five timer per month which is 2% or 1 of respondents. 4. 1. 9Frequency Analysis by spending at KFC KB Mall Responds to Spent| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Below RM15| 11| 22. 0| 22. 0| 22. 0| | RM16 – RM30| 14| 28. 0| 28. 0| 50. 0| | RM31 and above| 25| 50. 0| 50. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 9 : Frequency Analysis by spending at KFC KBMall Figure 4. 9 : Bar chart of Frequency Analysis by spending at KFC KB Mall Table 4. 9 indicate that the highest spending by respondents are RM31 and above which 50% or 25 of respondents. The second is from RM16 to RM30 which 28% or 14 of the respondents and lastly is the lowest, spending below RM15 which is 22% or 11 of the respondents. . 1. 10Frequency Analysis by Types of Products at KFC KB Mall Responds to Products| | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumu lative Percent| Valid| Kids meal| 4| 8. 0| 8. 0| 8. 0| | Family meal| 15| 30. 0| 30. 0| 38. 0| | Individual meal| 19| 38. 0| 38. 0| 76. 0| | Burger| 7| 14. 0| 14. 0| 90. 0| | Snacks and desserts| 5| 10. 0| 10. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 50| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 10 : Frequency Analysis by Types of Products at KFC KBMall Figure 4. 10 : Pie chart of Frequency Analysis by Types of Products at KFC KB Mall Table 5. indicates that most of respondents are enjoy to choose individual meals where 19 respondents which are 38% of respondents. It was follow by family meals of 15 respondents where 30% of respondents. Meanwhile, the result for snack and dessert are 5 respondents where 10%. Furthermore about 7 respondents or 14% would buy burger. And lastly is follow by kids’ meal with 4 respondents or 8% respondents. 4. 2RELIABILITY ANALYSIS Reliability analysis is a measure of the internal consistency of a set of scale items. The more reliable a set of scale items, the more confidence score the researcher obtained. According the Rules of Thumb about Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient Size, there is value between 0 until 1. The closer result to 1, the more reliable the scale of variable. When the result is below than 0. 5, the reliability is not effective. Alpha Coefficient Range| Strength of Association| ; . 6| Poor| .6 to ; . 7| Moderate| .7 ; . 8| Good| .8 to ; . 9| Very Good| .9| Excellent| Table 4. 11 Rules of Thumb about Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient Size Based on Hair et al (2003), the reliability test can be interpreted according to the strength using Rules of Thumb. 4. 2. 1Reliability Analysis for Customer Loyalty Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| N of Items| .774| 5| Table 4. 12 Reliability analysis for customer loyalty This is the reliability test for customer loyalty, which the Cronbach’s Alpha value is 0. 774. It means that the questions are good to be asked to the respondents. 4. 2. 2Reliability Analysis for Price Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| N of Items| .796| 5| Table 4. 13 Reliability analysis for price This is the reliability test for price, which the Cronbach’s Alpha value is 0. 796. It means that the questions are good and reliable to be asked to the respondents. 4. 2. 3Reliability Analysis for Service Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| N of Items| .990| 4| Table 4. 14 Reliability analysis for service This is the reliability test for service, which the Cronbach’s Alpha value is 0. 990. It means that the questions are excellent and reliable to be asked to the respondents 4. 2. 4Reliability Analysis for Brand Image Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| N of Items| .685| 3| Table 4. 15 Reliability analysis for brand image This is the reliability test for brand image, which the Cronbach’s Alpha value is 0. 685. It is means that the questions are moderate and reliable to be asked to the respondents. 4. 2. 5Reliability Analysis for Product Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| N of Items| .721| 5| Table 4. 16 Reliability analysis for product This is the reliability test for product, which the Cronbach’s alpha value is 0. 892. It is means that the questions are very good and reliable to be asked to the respondents. The finding result for reliability analysis Variable| Cronbach’s Alpha| Strength of Association| Customer Loyalty| 0. 856| Very good| Price| 0. 916| Excellent| Service| 0. 720| Good| Brand Image| 0. 930| Excellent| Product| 0. 892| Very good| Table 4. 17 The finding result for reliability analysis 4. 3PEARSON’S CORRELATION OF COEFFICIENT The researcher used this method to analyze if there is a measure relationship between two variables. The researcher used Pearson Correlation Matrix to test hypothesis because the questionnaire is an interval measurement of scale. Correlations| | | Price| Service| Image| Product| Response of customer| Price| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 938**| . 972**| . 986**| . 969**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| . 000| . 000| . 000| | N| 50| 50| 50| 50| 50| Service| Pearson Correlation| . 938**| 1| . 949**| . 951**| . 926**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | . 000| . 000| . 000| | N| 50| 50| 50| 50| 50| Image| Pearson Correlation| . 972**| . 49**| 1| . 984**| . 967**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| . 000| | . 000| . 000| | N| 50| 50| 50| 50| 50| Product| Pearson Correlation| . 986**| . 951**| . 984**| 1| . 979**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| . 000| . 000| | . 000| | N| 50| 50| 50| 50| 50| Response of customer| Pearson Correlation| . 969**| . 926**| . 967**| . 979**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| . 000| . 000| . 000| | | N| 50| 50| 50| 50| 50| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | Table 4. 18 Summary of correlation data Correlations| | | Price| Response of customer| Price| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 969**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 50| 50| Response of customer| Pearson Correlation| . 969**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 50| 50| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | Table 4. 19 Correlation between price and customer loyalty Hypothesis 1 Ho: Price does not contribute to the customer loyalty H1: Price does give high contribute to customer loyalty The finding from the data released that customer loyalty and price value is 0. Even the result shows that the value is significant and high relationship between two variables. Correlations| | | Response of customer| Service| Response of customer| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 926**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 00| | N| 50| 50| Service| Pearson Correlation| . 926**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 50| 50| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | Table 4. 20 Correlation between service and customer loyalty Hypothesis 2 Ho: Service not gives impact to customer loyalty H1: Service gives impact to customer loyalty The finding from the data released that customer loyalty and service value is 0. Even the result shows that the value is significant and high relationship between two variables. Therefore the H1 will be accepted and H0 will be rejected. Correlations| | | Service| Image| Service| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 49**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 50| 50| Image| Pearson Correlation| . 949**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 50| 50| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | Table 4. 21 Correlation between Brand image and customer loyalty Hypothesis 3 Ho: Brand image does not influencing the customer loyalty H1: Brand image is a big influencer the customer loyalty The finding from the data released that customer loyalty and brand image value is 0. Even the result shows that the value is significant and high relationship between two variables. Therefore the H1 will be accepted and H0 will be rejected. Correlations| | Product| Response of customer| Product| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 979* *| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 50| 50| Response of customer| Pearson Correlation| . 979**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 50| 50| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | Table 4. 22 Correlation between product and customer loyalty Hypothesis 4 Ho: Product does not affecting customer loyalty H1: Product gives effect to the customer loyalty The finding from the data released that customer loyalty and product value is 0. Even the result shows that the value is significant and high relationship between two variables. Therefore the H1 will be accepted and H0 will be rejected. 4. 3REGRESSION ANALYSIS Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 980a| . 960| . 956| . 459| a. Predictors: (Constant), Product, Service, Image, Price| Table 4. 18 Model Summary From the table of model summary above, the value of r square 0. 980. This means that 0. 980 of dependent variable are explain by independent variable that has been use in the research. This indicates the high percentage which means that almost all of the independent variables can be used in this research. ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | | Regression| 225. 636| 4| 56. 409| 267. 647| . 000a| | Residual| 9. 484| 45| . 211| | | | Total| 235. 120| 49| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Product, Service, Image, Price| b. Dependent Variable: Response of customer| Table 4. 18 ANOVA Regarding to the above table, the F-test is significant which is P value 0. 00 0. 05. It means that all the va riables validated and accepted since the p-value less than 0. 05. Therefore the model is significant to other words at least one of independent variable is significant to predict the dependent variable. Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| . 015| . 266| | . 057| . 955| | Price| . 104| . 180| . 105| . 580| . 565| | Service| -. 057| . 080| -. 072| -. 718| . 476| | Image| . 146| . 159| . 158| . 917| . 364| | Product| . 727| . 225| . 788| 3. 232| . 002| a. Dependent Variable: Response of customer| Table 4. 19 Standard Coefficients The t-test shows the significant result for the dependent variable which is 0. 047 0. 05. Besides that, for the other variable which are corporate reputation and service quality where p value is 0. 05 and it means there is significant relationship. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. INTRODUCTION For this chapter, the researchers will concludes all the informa tion that had been mention from chapter one until chapter four. The researchers also included the suggestion and recommendation for KFC at KB Mall based on the finding in chapter four for future research in order to help other researchers make improvement and thus provide useful information. 5. 1 CONCLUSION This research had been conduct to identify customer loyalty at KFC KB Mall. Customer is the most important asset for every business in the world. All the companies do not want to lose their own customer especially if customers turn away to the competitors. The researchers had found that the factors of customer loyalty based on price, service, brand image and product. Besides that, there have four hypotheses for this study, which can be prove. The result for hypotheses shows that all the independent variables that are price, service, brand image and product have significant relationship with customer loyalty but the most significant variable is product. In terms of the independent variables, the researchers found that product plays important factor that affecting to the customer loyalty because it has strong correlation which is, 0. 79. 5. 2 RECOMMENDATION Nowadays, there are many fast food restaurant have been built in Malaysia. So existence of the new fast food restaurants such as RasaMas, Chicken Rice Shop, and McDonald exist and they are really make good competition among them. Therefore, to reduce customer loyalty, it is important to KFC to be maintained as a number one in the fast food industry. Thus, through this study researcher s willing to make some suggestions for KFC KB Mall and hope it can help in the future. 5. 2. 1 Training the Staff Staff at KFC KB Mall is very important to create long term relationship because they are person who meet customers and treats the order from customers. Therefore, KFC at KB Mall branch’s staff should be giving training maybe twice a year on how to overcome and how to communicate with the customers. Although it takes high cost for the company, KFC need to scarify to create high customer satisfaction. Through training, KFC’s staff can control their emotion when faces different customers who are uncontrollable and have different characteristics. Furthermore, the staff also should have basic knowledge that can help customers to solved problems. 5. 2. 2 Faster counter services Counter service is important to increase customer loyalty. This is because customer always rushes for their time. Therefore, KFC KB Malls’ staffs need to limit time serving one customer. It can be done if KFC KB Malls’ staff can serve the customers’ immediately and not waste time. Besides that, KFC also need to improve in term of time taken order for one customer. This is because from the researcher observation, customer always complaint that they need to wait until 6 until 10 minutes for taken an order. Sometimes, customers urgently want to order the menu. So, KFC need to improve their process and use another way when make the serving menu. 5. 2. 3 Change the location Location also plays the important factors in giving the best service to the customer. Basically location at KB Mall is crowded because in front of KFC is Mc Donald, RasaMas, Chicken Rice Shop. So, there are many competitors there and customers hard to make choice to go to the fast food restaurant. KFC should find the places that surrounding the building do not have too many competitors that will affected their business. REFERENCES Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing. (14th ed. ). England: Pearson Education Limited. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. kfc. com. my/about-kfc-malaysia. php (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. fastfoodmarketing. org/fast_food_facts_in_brief. aspx freedownload. is. (2011). Retrieved from http://freedownload. is/pdf/consumers-preference-and-consumption-13515192. html Jeffrey A. Krug. (2001). KFC and Global Fast Food Industry. Retrieved from http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Kfc-Global-Fast-Food-Industry/168890 How to cite Research on Consumer Behavior, Essays

Othello Character Essay Example For Students

Othello Character Essay Othellos character during the play is first shown as a hero of war and a man ofgreat pride and courage. The other main characters in the play all form theirown opinions of him and as the play continues, his character begins todeteriorate and become less noble. Chronologically through the play Othelloscharacter changes from a flawless military leader, to become a murderer. Also asthe play progresses, the other characters in the play change their opinions ofOthello which causes the plot to happen the way it did. Throughout the first actof the play, Othello was shown as many different characters depending on who wasspeaking. Iago complains of Othellos pride and bombast circumstanceand is angered by the appointment of Cassio, and educated military theoreticianof Florence to lieutenant, instead of himself. Although he knows Othello is aproud man, his open and trusting nature in the beginning of the play will beeroded by the conclusion of the plot. As Iago is speaking to Brabantio aboutOth ello, he uses the term white ewe to represent Desdemona, andblack ram when referring to Othello. By using these terms, it showsthat he is trying to give a bad impression of Othello when he is speaking to theroyal family in Venice, because Othello is a Moor or a Negro. Iago shows hisblack hatred for the Moor, and his jealousy of Cassio in his first soliloquy andalso reveals his evil intentions. As the act continues and Othello is beingsearched for by a group of people, Iago attempts to incite Othello into angeragainst Brabantio, but Othello does not take the bait. He feels that he (Brabantio)may do his worst because Othello is assured that his military services to thegovernment will outweigh Brabantios complaints of him marrying Desdemona. Theseanswers to Iagos persistence show that he is still a character of calmness anddignity, and he still has the self-assurance suitable to command armies of men. When Othello is found by Cassio, he seems to be relieved because he does notlike personal conflict, which would have occurred if Brabantio had found himinstead. After he is found, Othello is taken to Brabantio where he isinterrogated on how he possessed Desdemona enough in order to make her run offwith him. Brabantio damns Othello and calls him an enchanter, saying that thetender, fair, and happy Desdemona was too shy of marriage, which iswhy she shunned all of the suitors sent to her. This entire scene helps toestablish Othello as an alert and composed leader. Later in this act, Othellooffers to explain how he won Desdemona. He chooses not to contradict or denythat he has used magic but when the true meaning of themagic comes to light it is shown that he used the magic of love andnot a conjured magic. Iago also suspects Othello of having some kind ofrelationship with his own wife, although he doesnt know or even seem to carewhether or not his suspicions have any foundation at all. A gain, according toIago, Othello is an ass because he has a free and opennature. This act works as an introduction to the Othello character andshows how other characters react to his presence in different ways. Theremaining acts of the play continue to show how the characters react toOthellos lifestyle changes. Even though he must rid Cassio of his lieutenantresponsibilities forever, Othello explains how he still loves him. If it were upto him Othello would have reinstated Cassio at the first opportunity, but thiswould be bad political practice. He wishes to appease Desdemona by doing thisbut he realizes that he cant. These practices show that he is a good governorand does not wish to arouse hostilities in the city, with an untimely pardon ofCassio. Desdemona tells Emilia that Othello is not the jealous type, whichOthello believes to be true himself. However, as the play progresses through Act3, Othello talks to Iago telling him that their prior conversation gave himreason to suspect Desdemonas motives. As a reader, you can see that Othelloscapacity for judgement has deteriorated up to this point, not only is his stateof mind changing due to Iagos constant prodding, but his morals have alsodeteriorated along with his character. As the play winds to a close, thecharacters continue to show their own opinions on Othello. Many of thecharacters have changed their initial opinions because of Othellos obviousattitude change, but Iago is one of the only characters that has kept the samemindscape, besides Desdemona. Othello continues to disrespect Desdemona byacting as if she was a prostitute, Emilia was her owner, and he was a visitingbuyer. This is blatant disrespect for his wife but she does not sway her loveand devotion from him. She does however feel that she is at the lowest point shecould possibly be at and the only way to go is up, because her lover has turnedinto a beast. The last act of the play allows the characters toexpress their last views of Othello, and how he has affected them. The nightwhere he plans on killing Desdemona is an important scene because he is stillknowing enough to ask if she has prayed to allow her to have a clean soul whenshe dies. After hearing this question, she realizes what he is about to do andpleads with him asking why he is doing it. Desdemona always had faith in herhusband until the bitter end and this gave no help to her life. She died becauseOthello was a pawn in Iagos game, and she had nothing to do with it. Theconclusion of the play signifies the end of the frustration for many characters. .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e , .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .postImageUrl , .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e , .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:hover , .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:visited , .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:active { border:0!important; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:active , .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub487df59aff19fe3bc67cf0e99325e8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Problem with Labeling EssayEach of them has a different view of Othellos character and through theduration of the play, many of these ideas change, however Iago and Desdemona arethe only main characters that do not change. They continue to have the sameoutlook upon Othellos unchanging character changes. Each character looks uponOthello in his/her own way and that is how much of the plot unravels as the playmoves on.