Technology usage and the knowledge of tools

Technology usage and the knowledge of tools Technology  is the usage and knowledge of  tools, techniques,  crafts,  systems  or methods of organisation  (Merriam-Webster). It has brought the revolution in the business world. It has brought the business around the world under a common and concrete platform. It has eliminated the business practices to be restricted to a single place. Now the clients and the companies have open interface of interaction, they can effectively communicate with each other for example even sitting at home, aeroplanes or from any corner of the world. With the advancement of the technology and innovation of new methods of communication like Wireless Technology has further given birth to the information systems management process which has removed the barriers to all the information flow and its management. It has aligned the pace of technology to business complexity while creating the bridge between the growth of commerce and trade around the world. It has transformed the barter trade era to very agile billion dollars e-business industry, from research and development, projection of any business, production to the delivery of any sort of business services is controlled and channelled by the conjunction of various form of technology aligned together. With the origin of information system it has made the business needs and expansion of various small and bigger enterprises very transparent and at a very low cost, enhancing their capabilities to handle, record and retain the information like employee and clients profiles more accurately while removing the possibilities of human error and dependency. For example companys like Amazon and Dell has elevated the idea of globalisation into a reality with the use of technology. According to Jagdish et al (2004), Globalisation  describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. They were are able to reach out to customers globally and deliver their products at the doorsteps while making informed decisions, tracking the customers pattern while using internet to broaden their markets research more appropriately. As the result of technological innovation, the real cost of information processing and communication have fallen dramatically. It helped to manage and create globally dispersed production system while orchestrating globalisation of their products. Considering technology in transportation, with the development of commercial jets and the introduction of containerisation has revolutionised the transportation business while lowering the cost of shipping goods over long distance. For example the fresh fruits and flowers can be sold in various parts of the world despite its origin of growth at any place. Furthermore the introduction of Semi Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE) system, airlines, hotels, railways, tour companies and millions of customers worldwide where connected for the quick seats bookings, travel information, fasters and accurate payments options (Computerworld, September 2002). According to Catel et al (1990), technology and its effective management of global supply chain, with introduction of electronic data interchange (edi), it has connected suppliers, manufacturers, shippers, and customers, eliminated the time delays and paperwork, while increasing the flexibility and responsiveness along with decentralising the effective management decisions in the hands of particular unit. Emails have further made every communication very instantaneous and with outsourcing, many companies have reduced its operational cost. Companies like Wal- Mart used the technology to solve logistics problems, created new channels to market to identify and track sales on individual items. Super markets like Tescos have equipped their staff with a wireless device which provides them with the data of the products available to be sold on the shop shelves and what is stored in the stockrooms. It has eliminated the manual checks required to be carried out, hence providing the employees competitive advantage to provide effective customer services (The Times, 26th march, 2002). Considering the role of technology in banking sector (Ilyas-Ur Rahman, 2007) it has transformed the phase of the retail banking while incorporating anytime and anywhere baking facilities. It has increased the reliability and revolutionised the financial activities like global funds transfers across the world in few seconds. Technology has further introduced net and mobile banking facilities for its customers. Banks consider technology to be its lead factor to sustain itself in the market to retain the competitive position across various geographical locations. Technology has improved customers services in bank, helped private sector banks to achieve economies of Scale while communicating data at low cost and efficient way. Technology has created the strong impact on profitability, competitive pressure and customer needs. Therefore, technology is the key to evaluate performance, identify areas of problems, plan and restructure future strategies in each and every component of a business activity. Thus the application of advanced technology and information system tools is to get desired in depth data which is vital to interpret, evaluate for decision making process, prior to overhaul, restructure and to rejuvenate organisations for becoming efficient business models. The focus will be to capitalise on voids for developing and exploiting new market opportunities in every kind of economic environment even before the competition emerges.

Product Life Cycle

Compaq notebooks 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Compaq Computer, based in Houston, Texas, is the world’s largest personal computer manufacturer and the fourth largest information technology (IT) company. From 1992-1997, the company’s aggressive high volume PC strategy propelled it to high growth rates in revenues, while its leadership in PC servers sustained strong margins and drove profit growth. Starting in 1995, former CEO Eckhard Pfieffer began to transform Compaq from a pure PC company to a full-service IT company, with the goal of becoming a $50 billion company that could compete with the likes of IBM and Hewlett-Packard.The key strategic moves were the acquisitions of Tandem Computer and Digital Equipment Corporation in 1997 and 1998, giving Compaq a diverse line of technologies and service capabilities. Compaq began revamping its information systems in 1994, building global enterprise information systems to support its globally optimized manufacturing and order fulfillment o perations. The systems were built primarily around SAP applications, running on Compaq PC servers and the Windows NT operating system in order to demonstrate that large enterprise systems could run on Compaq hardware.Compaq’s IT people were forced to distribute the SAP applications across ten interconnected sites around the world and customize extensively in order to run on Windows NT and meet Compaq’s needs. Compaq stumbled badly in 1998 as it faced new challenges in the PC market and tried to assimilate Tandem and Digital. In particular, Compaq struggled to catch up with Dell Computer, whose direct sales; build-to-order model gave it a big advantage in cost and speed over Compaq’s indirect sales, build-to-forecast approach.When the company disappointed investors with poor results in 1999, the board removed Pfieffer, who had been credited for Compaq’s previously stellar performance. Since Pfieffer’s departure, Compaq has reorganized itself along b usiness lines, streamlined its distribution channels and developed a new electronic commerce strategy called â€Å"NonStop eBusiness. † Compaq has gone through a series of IT reorganizations aimed at giving business units more control over IT decisions and resources. Compaq’s new CEO, Michael Capellas, came to the company in 1998 as CIO and was the force behind this reshaping of the IT organization.It is likely that newly hired CIO Robert V. Napier will continue the process in order to align IT with the new corporate structure, while also working to implement Compaq’s e-business strategies. Since 2007 till now Compaq Company has many products as follow: in 2007 they provide laptop Compaq Presarios to their customer, in 2008 they improve and developed Aero 4/33c Notebooks, and in 2009 they provide new model E500S Notebooks, 2011 EZ2700 Desktops and LT 486/33 Desktops at the same year. 2. 0 Compaq Cash flow The issues of cash flow for each stage of the product lif e cycle they are complete each other.Cash flow for a product as it moves on the life cycle curve will change. It’s very important to know and plan each stage for our product to be success. 2. 1cash flow in the five stages Introduction stage, The introduction of a new product onto the market is typically characterised by very slow sales, which may grow only very slightly over a long period of time. Whilst profits will gradually improve during this stage, it may take until near the completion of the introductory stage in the PLC before the company witness’s positive profitability.The reason for such low profitability during this stage is not so much the limited success of the product – measured in terms of low, albeit growing, sales – but the high costs of production and promotion that are required to try to develop customer awareness. R&D expenses are really high for Compaq in especially in terms of smart laptop, because now Compaq is moving in a new path of technology and there is no resource for them to use in order to reduce the R&D costs.Particularly in case of their new product Compaq Notebooks and Compaq Desktops that is already in introduction stage we can see some spectacular features for the first time about the Desktops. For example one of the new technologies that are used in Compaq Desktops is that it has a high quality and high processor. So we can see clearly that all of these new technologies have a heavy cost for producers. That is the reason that Compaq invests at least 13% of its sales revenue into R&D activities every year. For example Compaq spent $45 million on R&D this year compared to its competitor Dell 25 million. Growing stageThe growth stage in the PLC typically involves a rapid growth in sales as early adopters replace pioneers as the main consumer group. Whilst pioneers are characterized as those consumers who purchase products almost immediately when new products are launched, early adopters wait until t he price starts to fall and some of the product's potential weaknesses are ironed out. Compaq sales steadily increased as the product was promoted and became well known. It maintained growth in sales until 2010 through expanding the original product with new developments of quality, style, speed and price the total of cash flow.Compaq Desktops unit sales in 2009 14. 9 million PCs units and 10 million laptop units. Actually the growth stage for each company is a start point to collect its cash flow by the time, but for Compaq it starts form the first date of the product presentation directly. There are many devices in the market with Compaq product and services, why people prefer Compaq desktop? Quality, brand, price and speed. Maturity stage The maturity stage in the PLC is a key point for a firm because it marks the turning point in the product's success.Typically, the growth in sales decreases quite significantly and manufacturer's over-capacity (that is, larger than required inve ntories) results in a reaction by the firm and its competitors to slash price. In this stage Compaq desktop has a partner and that is Compaq Notebooks and Compaq Presario. This is the best extension strategy for this stage and it is totally clear that Compaq had planned for these year; Compaq development groups knew that they have to present such a powerful product with the capability of presence in two stages at the same time.The total sales units in this year have grown fast for Compaq in 2011 4. 721 thousand units. Declination stage Clearly, at this point, Compaq had to make a key business decision. Sales were falling; the product was in decline and losing its position. Should Compaq let the product ‘die', i. e. withdraw it from the market and give space for their new product. 2. 2 The Degree of Competition Faced by the Product by Applying Porter’s Five Forces of Competitiveness. The degree of competition between the competitors is very high. Successful products attr act other competitor businesses to start selling similar products or service.This indicates the third stage of the life cycle – maturity. This is the time of maximum profitability, when profits can be used to continue to build the brand. However, competitor brands from both Compaq itself (e. g. dell) and other company (e. g. acre) offered the same benefits and this slowed down sales and chipped away at computers market position. Compaq continued to support the development of the brand but some products (such as quality, price and style), struggled in a crowded market. 3. 0 Improving the Company’s Financial PerformanceRecommendations to improve performance will be focused on the product attributes and benefits with the aims to enhance driving experience and build brand personality. 3. 1 Promotion: Sales promotions have a significant effect on the behavior of consumers and trades people. Such promotions can bring in more profits for the manufacturers because they permit price discrimination. 1. Price discrimination: Producers can introduce price discrimination through the use of sales promotions. They can charge different prices to different consumers and trade segments depending on how sensitive each segment is to particular prices.Coupons, special sales events, clearance sales and discounts are examples to explain the phenomenon. 2. Effect on consumer behaviour: as sales promotions are mostly announced for a short period, customers may feel a sense of urgency and stop comparing the alternatives. They are persuaded to act now rather than later. 3. Effect on trade behaviour: Short-term promotions present an opportunity and encourage dealers to forward buy. This forward buying ensures that retailers won’t to go out of stocks. As dealers have more than the normal stocks, they think it advisable to advertise in ocal media, arranged displays and offer attractive promotion deals to consumers. These actions help in increasing the store traffic. 4- Exterior Design Exterior design is the key product attribute that plays an important role in enhancing the overall product brand image. We will look at compaq exterior design in terms of: †¢Shape Many feel that the overall design of compaq is not unique enough. compaq must invest in building its creativity and innovative on it to have own characteristic outlook/shape of product brand image. †¢Color Product color the range offered by compaq generally not attractive or unique.As one of its core values is customer focus, compaq has to focus to be really customer oriented, knowing what the customers want and offer the range of colors that appeal to different market segment effectively. 5- Interior Design Interior design of the laptop refers to its overall instrument panels such as the keyboard, the dash board, the other accessories and special feature in the laptop which is perceived as not stylish. The materials used are also felt as average low quality. Throughout the years , there is not much improvement in this area which can WOW the consumers.In fact, all these features will help to create using experience. Interior design with aesthetic features and good sound protection will make the customer feels joy and excited thus creating a strong positive feeling with the laptop using experience. 3. 2 Length of the Product Life Cycle Be Prolonged Compaq Company has many problems and some customers needs when they solve these problems the length of product life cycle will be longer, from improving their product, quality and price and other needs such as style color etc†¦. Increasing Sales: a promotion can stimulate product sales.Manufacturers commonly reduce the price of a product to induce customers to make a purchase. In the short term this can increase the number of units sold, which can lead to increased market share in the long run if the customer permanently switches from a competitor's brand. 4-Brand Loyalty: sales promotions can also be used to increase brand awareness and loyalty. Clubs or special memberships provide consumers discounts or promotions for continued use. 5-Impulse Sales: Sales promotions can generate impulse sales. A customer may not be aware of a product until she enters a store and sees a sign advertising a sale price.Impulse sales also result from in-store demonstrations. 6- Exterior Design: Exterior design is the key product attribute that plays an important role in enhancing the overall product brand image. We will look at Compaq exterior design in terms of: †¢Shape Many feel that the overall design of Compaq is not unique enough. Compaq must invest in building its creativity and innovative on it to have own characteristic outlook/shape of product brand image. †¢Color Product color the range offered by Compaq generally not attractive or unique.As one of its core values is customer focus, Compaq has to focus to be really customer oriented, knowing what the customers want and offer the range of colors that appeal to different market segment effectively. 4. CONCLUSION Compaq business model has been analyzed in conjunction with the marketing mix that is employed to identify its target Market. They build their brand name with their tagline, Compaq philosophy of low fares is aimed to make computers affordable for everyone. Compaq also aims at making using easy, convenient and fun for its customers.Their services and their pricing work together to identify their target market, however, their promotional activities and their distributional channel is aggressive developed, planned, and executed to target both foreigners and locals alike. Moreover, more advertising model should be developed and Compaq need to identify more suitable areas for distribution as more and more loss potential target could be captured which will at end generate huge revenue for Compaq. Reference Bliss, J. (1998). â€Å"Expense May Thin Ranks Of AAP Plan,† Computer Reseller News, April 13..Business Wire, â€Å"CompuCom ‘Co-Locates’ with Compaq to Increase Manufacturing Efficiency and Reduce Product Delivery Time and Cost,† 7/7/98. Business Wire, â€Å"Compaq Leverages Microsoft Partnership In Aggressive Internal Windows 95 Transition; Global Rollout Will Enhance Customer Support,† 8/15/95. Commercial Times (Taiwan), â€Å"Compaq to Bring Taiwan Partners into Web-based Business System,†. Compaq Annual Report, 1998. Compaq Annual Report, 1999. Compaq Annual Report, 2000. Compaq Annual Report, 2001. Compaq Annual Report, 2002. Compaq Annual Report, 2003. Compaq Annual Report, 2008. CNET News. om, â€Å"Compaq inks deal with PCOrder. com,†, June 29, 1999. Crothers, Brooke, â€Å"Compaq sees shortfall, plans reorg,† CNET News. com, June 17, 1999. Dedrick, Jason and Kenneth L. Kraemer, 1998. Asia’s Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? New York: Oxford University Press. Hamblen, Matt and Kathleen Ohlson â€Å"Compaq : Reality Sinks In,† ComputerWorld, 6/21/99, Page 30 Hoover’s Online, Compaq profile. Industry Week, â€Å"What's Really Driving Apple's Recovery,† 3/15/99. Jackson, D. ()1998). â€Å"ERP Glitches Disrupt Compaq Order System,† The Australian 10 Nov, p36. Product life cycle The Product Life Cycle is indeed important in marketing since it tells the manufacturers when is the right time to launch a product and how should they launch it.   The cycle is concerned with the changes in the product, price, distribution, and the promotion.   The Product Life Cycle has four phases, the introduction stage, growth, stage, maturity stage, and the decline stage. The introduction stage deals with the launching of the product.   It concerns the product, price, distribution and promotion of the product.   One good example for this is the Nokia N80i.   This phone has a lot of other features that other phones do not have or it has combined features of different phones and it has turned into N80i.   It is a good example because it has just entered the market, and with the latest features, it can only be afforded by those who have extra $500 in their pockets.   It is during this stage that one promotes his product, giving out leaflets or pamphlets, having conferences, and the like.   And I believe that Nokia has done well in this part. Second, comes the growth stage.   This is the time when the company focuses on the growth of the revenue and their product being the preference product of the consumers. During this stage, the company heightens the distribution of the product.   The growth stage is when you improve and make innovations on your product.   One successful example would be the portable DVD players. Portable DVD players have been launched for quite some time now.   Furthermore, everybody is aware that there is this certain product available in the market.   As of now, there is a variety of portable DVD players.   They come in different colors and can play different kinds of file according to the buyers liking.   It is definitely a good example for this stage. The third stage or rather the maturity stage is when the product is at its peak in the market.   This is considered to be the most profitable stage.   This is when price are decreased to have more buyers.   Sales promotion is a must during this stage to maintain market share.   This is also the stage wherein the company aims their product to different from the other substitute products in the market. For instance, personal computers have long been in the market. A lot of computer brands have also arose in the market, like, BenQ, Dell, Apple, and Linux.   They have their own individuality and have their own identity.   Furthermore, the prices of their personal computers have already decreased in comparison with its prices when it was first launched in the market. The last stage would be the decline stage.   This stage is the time to decrease in production and price.   This is when the product is almost obsolete, or there has been a change in the preferences of the consumers.   Here are some ways to deal with the decline stage.   The company may close shop or to fully stop production and sales, continue production at a lower rate while hoping competitors will close or leave the market.   It can also be observed that in this stage, the distribution of the product becomes limited. This is what happened in the traditional cameras which only operate with film.   Only few companies sell this kind of cameras, unlike then, when almost all of the camera manufacturers compete to have the best kind of camera with film.   But then, it has already been replaced by digital cameras that are a lot cheaper in the long run (since there are no costs for photo developing and film), and they also provide an instant preview of the picture and are equipped with different settings for different uses. As of now, cameras that operate with film are cheaper than digital cameras.   Yes, traditional cameras are almost obsolete. It is only available for some photo and camera stores in the country.   And there are almost no promotional offers for this product. As said earlier, products have cycles, that's why they have innovations to remain attractive and profitable in the market. REFERENCES Bool, Hans. (2007).   A Normal Product Cycle-Some Examples. Ezine Articles. http://ezinearticles.com/?A-Normal-Product-Life-Cycle—Some-Examples&id=480455 Komninos, Ioannis. (2002).   Product Life Cycle Management.   Urban and Regional Innovation Research Unit. http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf Products-Product Life Cycle. Tutor2u. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/products_lifecycle.asp The Product Life Cycle.   NetMBA. http://www.netmba.com/marketing/product/lifecycle/ The Product Life Cycle (PLC).   Marketing Teacher.   http://marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_plc.htm ; ;

The Gods Must Be Crazy

The funny film showed that the contrasting worlds of the civilized area and the primitive yet calm society of the bushmen manifest an also contrasting example of worlds in terms of the equation I = P x A x T, an equation formulated to describe the impact of human activity on the environment. [where Human Impact (I) on the environment equals the product of population (P), affluence (A: consumption per capita) and technology (T: environmental impact per unit of consumption)]. In the primitive population of the Bushmen, it would be believed and manifested in the film that their human impact on the environment of the Kalahari Desert is apparently less than that of the civilized world found on the city since the living Bushmen are not too many in number, they are just about twenty or so. Being primitive, they also had a very low level of technology. They are just using soft raw materials provided by their environment, thus, they cannot produce more products, putting their affluence also on a low level. In the civilized world somewhere in South Africa, the city, which is densely populated by busy civilized individuals (since the rise of the industrial societies equates to an exponentially increasing human population), greatly developed their technology which in return enormously aid in developing their affluence, has indeed a greater human impact on the environment of the area they are residing in South Africa relative to the primitive population of the bushmen living in the Kalahari Desert, as seen with the tall buildings, long roadways and road bridges and other landscapes that could attest to this great impact. The Gods Must Be Crazy â€Å"The Gods Must Be Crazy† This film tries to send a message on how globalization can negatively affect a culture such as the Sho tribe of the Kalahari Desert. The people of a technologically advance and â€Å"civilized† culture decide to casually discard an empty â€Å"Coca Cola† bottle from the window of an airplane. A member of the â€Å"primitive† Sho tribe witnesses this object falling from the skies and considers it a â€Å"gift from the gods†. In his mind this is an object to be worshiped and must have been sent by the Gods to benefit his tribe, therefore he gave it to his people.Prior to the introduction of the â€Å"Coca Cola† bottle the people of the tribe were peaceful, satisfied, and shared with each other. There was no sense of possession or greed, no jealousy, nor did they physically harm one another physically or purposefully. The tribe found many beneficial uses for this â€Å"gift†, such as making music, pounding on dough, and grinding flour. All of these things were accomplished before the appearance of the bottle, however now the task seemed to have been made easier.Since all of the members of the tribe had different uses and needs for the bottle, it became a commodity, a desired possession of value; it was no longer a worshipped object. This created discourse among the people and led to the physical injury of a child, due to a malicious act that resulted in hitting the child with the bottle. The tribe now felt shame at their behavior and questioned the â€Å"Gods† for sending them this â€Å"evil thing†, which the tribe removed from their presence and returned to their peaceful cultural ways.A current example of the above situation would be the introduction of cell phones and laptops to a culture based on home phones and office computers. One would consider the technological advances of cell phones and laptops as a gift, that will simplify their life, free up more personal tim e and save them money. Instead what has occurred is that you spend more time on learning how to use these items, you are now more easily available and thus more occupied, and you spend more money on the attachments and upgrades needed to keep these items current and functional.Now your life is more complicated and busier than ever, however unlike the Sho tribe most people in our culture cannot or more importantly will not go to the end of the earth (or their trash can) and toss them away. Another important point that this films illustrates is the differences in communications and personal views in different cultures. Such as how in most civilized cultures shaking your head from side to side indicates â€Å"No† or negative, however to the Sho tribe this gesture means â€Å"Yes† or positive.This causes a lot of confusion when communicating between the two cultures. There is a scene in the movie when the man from the Sho tribe sees a white woman for the first time, which accurately portrays the cultural differences in personal views and taste. He contemplates her appearance, her actions and physical build. Though the woman in her own culture would be considered quite pretty, normal and physically fit, to this man of the Sho tribe she was ugly, crazy and too fat.In his view the woman’s skin is too white, it was a very hot day yet she is fully covered in clothing, she has a large body shape and must require too much food to sustain her. This can be seen as a difference in opinion, if it were not for the extremity of the opposite points of view. The two cultures considered the woman in different ways because of what they are accustomed to as well as where and how they were raised. When thinking in terms of Globalization a person generally feels that their culture is the best.That their culture should be universal and those that follow other cultures are primitive, difficult, and wrong. Consider how some cultures attempt to change others through political, business, and religious means. For example the United States tries to influence other countries to change to a democratic system of government because it is the â€Å"best†, however they do this mostly to promote or facilitate the political agendas of the United States. Coca Cola uses the popularity of its products to influence other countries to buy more by inundating them with advertisements and business opportunities.As for religion, look at how many cultures within the United States now celebrate Christmas along with or in place of their cultural holidays that occur during the same time period. The movie for the most part points out the differences between a â€Å"modern civilized society† and â€Å"an old world civilization† and how they view life, religion, and politics in totally different ways. However there were also some similarities in the cultures which assist in the processes of communication, in business transactions, and political deali ngs with each other.

Essay on Insecurity and Self-Esteem - 1060 Words

Insecurity drills a hole into a person’s heart, minimizes their integrity, and accumulates as plaque build up, hindering any kind of future growth. Just as any human being’s growth is stifled by the insecurity within them, the United States as a whole suffers the same from its own tremendous amount of insecurity. This lack of acknowledgement of self-worth causes a ghastly chain reaction; people tend to pursue the wrong ideals, become corrupt, and inevitably lead themselves to their own demise. Insecurity is a route to destruction, and America is speeding down that road to dissolution. The dictionary’s definition of insecurity is: â€Å" uncertainty or anxiety about oneself; lack of confidence†(Insecurity, Oxford English†¦show more content†¦Now, considering this aspect, one realizes how a person can not function with insecurity and low self-esteem; so then, a whole country trying to function and grow with its insecurity and low self-esteem is simply impossible. Insecurity in America exists in many forms as well as in many areas of the American culture. The main places in which insecurity permeates from are stereotyping, the media, and worst of all, condemnation by peers. With all these different types ways in which one can be provoked, it is no wonder much of America suffers from low self-esteem. Since America is a large melting-pot of cultures, unfortunately it comes with much stereotyping. Many people simply look at eachother, and based on prior situations, stereotype the person in front of them. While doing so, they dont realize how detrimental they are being to that person’s future. When one downgrades another, they not only hurt them emotionally, but hinder them from every growing as individuals. For example, in the United States, not too much time back, African Americans were constantly stereotyped as less than human. No one expected anything of them, and constantly put them down, so for that reason alone, many simply gave up, and just fell into the stereotype. If you address someone as a certain person for long enough, they will give you what you expect of them. Because of this reason, many Americans have simply given up and fallen into whateverShow MoreRelatedLife s Test : The And Growth Of Insecurities, Self, And Self Esteem998 Words   |  4 Pagesbirth, and growth of insecurities, self-doubt, and self-delusion. Further, these self-relation issues can limit the minister’s effectiveness as human beings in their life roles as husband, wife, lover, friend, father, parent, and others. Although secular self-esteem theorists have recognized that one s self-esteem develops in a social context, the basic teaching reminds the pastor that there is no referent outside the self. 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